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Sharding splits your data across many servers. Use it when one server is too small. It is a big decision. It is often hard.
Shard only when you must. Most apps do not need it. PostgreSQL handles hundreds of gigabytes on one node. Try these first:
- Optimize queries.
- Add indexes.
- Increase server size.
- Use read replicas.
- Use caching.
Your sharding key is the most important part. Pick a key to spread data evenly. Use a user ID or tenant ID. Queries with this key are fast. They go to one server.
Range-based sharding splits data by ranges. It is simple. But it creates hot spots. One server gets too much traffic. Consistent hashing spreads data better.
Changing the number of shards is hard. You must move a lot of data. Create new shards and move data slowly.
You might not need to code sharding yourself. Vitess helps MySQL. Citus helps PostgreSQL. They handle routing and data moves. You do not change your app code.
Write down your plan. Your team must know the sharding key. They must know how to add shards. They must know how to handle cross-shard queries. Sharding needs constant care.
Source: https://dev.to/therizwansaleem/database-sharding-when-to-shard-and-how-to-do-it-without-regret-267c