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Distributed systems are hard. Single machine rules fail at scale. Networks drop. Clocks drift. You need patterns to survive these problems.
Saga Pattern. It handles transactions across services. It uses local steps. If one step fails, it runs compensation steps to undo previous work.
- Choreography: Decoupled but hard to track.
- Orchestration: Easy to debug but creates a central point of failure.
Outbox Pattern. It ensures messages reach their destination. Your service writes an event to a database table in one transaction. A separate process sends the event. This stops the dual-write problem.
Circuit Breaker Pattern. It stops cascading failures. It trips when a service fails. New requests fail immediately. This lets the failing service recover.
Bulkhead Pattern. It isolates failures. It gives each component its own resource pool. One failure does not crash your whole system.
Leader Election. It picks one node to lead. Raft and Paxos are common algorithms. Use this for single writers or coordinators.
Sidecar Pattern. It puts helpers in a separate container. It handles logs and monitoring. You do not need to change your main code.
Source: https://dev.to/therizwansaleem/distributed-systems-patterns-every-backend-engineer-should-know-466g
Optional learning community: https://t.me/GyaanSetuAi