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Building distributed systems is hard. Single machine rules fail at scale. Networks are unreliable. Clocks are imprecise. Use these patterns to build stable systems.
Saga Pattern: Manages transactions across services. It uses local transactions with rollback actions. Choreography is decoupled. Orchestration is easier to debug.
Outbox Pattern: Ensures reliable messaging. It writes events to a database table. A separate process sends the event. This stops the dual-write problem.
Circuit Breaker: Stops cascading failures. It trips when a service fails. Calls fail fast. It tests the service later. This helps the service recover.
Bulkhead Pattern: Isolates failures. It gives each component its own thread pool. One failure will not crash your system.
Leader Election: Picks one node to lead. Raft and Paxos are common algorithms. Use this for single writers.
Sidecar Pattern: Adds helper tools in a separate container. It handles logging and monitoring. You do not change your main code.
Source: https://dev.to/therizwansaleem/distributed-systems-patterns-every-backend-engineer-should-know-466g