印英自由贸易协定 (FTA):重大突破,85% 的钢铁出口将免受英国限制
对于印度出口商而言,这是一次重大胜利。印英自由贸易协定 (FTA) 已成功解决了关于钢铁保障措施的主要僵局。这一具有里程碑意义的共识确保了印度绝大部分的钢铁出境货物将免受英国即将实施的限制性措施的影响。
解决钢铁保障措施僵局
围绕英国拟议的钢铁保障措施制度的谈判,此前一直是实施《全面经济贸易协定》(CETA) 过程中最具争议的障碍之一。然而,在印度商务和工业部长皮尤什·戈亚尔 (Piyush Goyal) 与英国国务大臣彼得·凯尔 (Peter Kyle) 进行高层讨论后,已建立起一个保护双边贸易的框架。
根据新协议,印度 85% 的钢铁出口将维持在英国限制性措施的范围之外。为了实现这一目标,印度获得了一套战略性的保护组合,包括国别配额 (CSQ)、剩余配额以及在授权使用计划 (AUS) 下的准入。这一安排旨在最大限度地减少市场扰动,并为印度制造商维持一个平衡的贸易环境。
了解英国新的钢铁制度
这一决议出台的时机非常关键,因为英国正准备实施修订后的保障措施制度,该制度将于 2026 年 7 月 1 日起生效。与之前的版本相比,这一新框架显著收紧了进口限制。英国该制度的主要特点包括:
- 配额削减: 与现有机制相比,免关税钢铁进口的总配额量将削减 60%。
- 关税惩罚: 任何超过这些更严格的新配额的钢铁进口都将面临高达 50% 的惩罚性关税。
- 适用范围: 这些措施将专门针对可以在英国境内制造的钢铁产品。
尽管这些限制措施正在收紧,但通过 CETA 达成的共识确保了印度出口商在处理大部分货物时,仍能在稳定的参数范围内进行操作。
即将到来的碳边境税挑战
While the steel safeguard issue has seen a breakthrough, Indian industry faces another significant regulatory challenge: the UK’s Import Carbon Pricing Mechanism (the UK's version of the EU's CBAM). Scheduled to come into force in 2027, this mechanism aims to tax carbon-intensive imports.
According to the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), Indian exports worth approximately USD 775 million could be impacted by this carbon tax. The sectors most at risk include iron, steel, aluminium, fertiliser, and cement. Once the free allowances under the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) are phased out, the tax could range between 14% and 24% of the total import value. With India's iron and steel exports to the UK valued at USD 893.4 million in 2025-26, the stakes for navigating these green trade barriers remain exceptionally high.
Key Takeaways
- Significant Protection: 85% of India's steel exports to the UK are shielded from new restrictive measures through a mix of specific quotas and authorized schemes.
- Tightened UK Limits: From July 2026, the UK will reduce tariff-free steel quotas by 60%, imposing a 50% tariff on any imports exceeding those limits.
- Future Carbon Risks: While steel safeguards are resolved, Indian exporters must prepare for the UK's carbon tax (effective 2027), which could impact USD 775 million worth of goods.